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Progress update: Still very much under construction, but taking shape. |
| | I'm looking at quarantine laws between roughly 1870 and 1920, to see how the States and federal government worked together.
There's a few reasons I chose this era: it spans a few epidemics (principally yellow fever), and the unsuccessful creation of a federal body (the National Board of Health) to regulate quarantine uniformly in cases where States failed. But in the end (around 1883, an unconfirmed source reports: link) the Board failed. I'm curious why it failed. |
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> | First, this source is wrong. The Board was initially enacted with a sunset clause to expire in 1883, and was revived by repeal of this sunset clause in early 1883 due to its excellent performance. |
| | My time frame ends with the creation of the first successful federal quarantine laws. |
| | The rise and fall of the National Board of Health
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| 1893 | Act repealing the National Board of Health (attached below). Also at p 265 here |
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> | | 1892 |The Supreme Court rules that the chief clerk of the Board cannot collect backpay
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| | Key points: In the mid 1880s there was a virulent cholera epidemic in Europe, and American authorities were anxious to resist its introduction as much as possible. It spread to New York (city and quarantine station) in 1892. The Surgeon General reports that this anxiety prompted the passage of the Federal quarantine Act in 1893 link, at p 265. A plain English translation of the Bill is also in the report, linked here. The Surgeon-General does not comment on section 9 of the Act, repealing the National Board of Health. |
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< | Clashes over funding were ongoing. In 1881, the annual report reveals that the Board received only 1/3 of the funds it wanted to build new quarantine stations in Virginia, Georgia and Texas [[http://books.google.com/books?id=jVdNqUEYLOQC&dq=national%20board%20of%20health%20annual%20report%201881&lr=&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q=national%20board%20of%20health%20annual%20report%201881&f=false[(link).]] |
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> | Clashes over funding were ongoing. In 1881, the annual report reveals that the Board received only 1/3 of the funds it wanted to build new quarantine stations in Virginia, Georgia and Texas (link). |
| | Both Links in table below.
1) "An act to prevent the introduction of infectious or contagious diseases into the United States, and to establish a national board of health" 45th Congress, Session III, 1879 20 Stat 484. Although I scanned this in, google books has a publication called the Sanitarian from 1894 that is clearer, and contains the bill text at page 230. |
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Court Response |
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> | _Dunwoody v United States_ 138 U.S. 578 (1892) held that Mr Dunwoody, the chief clerk and sometime secretary of the National Board of Health, could not recover money from the federal government in the absence of specific grants payable to the Board. |
| | Louisiana v Texas 176 US 1 (1900) held that there was no interstate federal jurisdiction merely because the quarantine actions of one state (Texas) hurt those of another (Louisiana). The facts of the case concerned the Texan embargo on interstate trade during the yellow fever outbreak in 1899. The Supreme Court point-blank refused to get involved. |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Quick_and_Garran.pdf" attr="" comment="Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901) The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth Sydney: Angus & Robertson." date="1257459533" name="Quick_and_Garran.pdf" path="Quick and Garran.pdf" size="597079" stream="Quick and Garran.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="The_early_history_of_quarantine.pdf" attr="" comment="" date="1257460186" name="The_early_history_of_quarantine.pdf" path="The_early_history_of_quarantine.pdf" size="1055745" stream="The_early_history_of_quarantine.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Forty_fifth_congress_Ch_202_1879_Establishing_National_Board_of_Health.pdf" attr="" comment="The principal 1879 Act" date="1262566994" name="Forty_fifth_congress_Ch_202_1879_Establishing_National_Board_of_Health.pdf" path="Forty fifth congress Ch 202 1879 Establishing National Board of Health.pdf" size="506682" stream="Forty fifth congress Ch 202 1879 Establishing National Board of Health.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Annual_Report_1879_-Appendicies_not_included.pdf" attr="" comment="The first annual report for the National Board of Health" date="1263939917" name="Annual_Report_1879_-Appendicies_not_included.pdf" path="Annual Report 1879 -Appendicies not included.pdf" size="11891" stream="Annual Report 1879 -Appendicies not included.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Report_on_expenditures_1880_-_1881.pdf" attr="" comment="Annual report for 1880" date="1263942095" name="Report_on_expenditures_1880_-_1881.pdf" path="Report on expenditures 1880 - 1881.pdf" size="254924" stream="Report on expenditures 1880 - 1881.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Report_on_establising_a_Texas_Quarantine_Station_1882.pdf" attr="" comment="Congressional report on establishing a quarantine station in Texas" date="1263942495" name="Report_on_establising_a_Texas_Quarantine_Station_1882.pdf" path="Report on establising a Texas Quarantine Station 1882.pdf" size="423887" stream="Report on establising a Texas Quarantine Station 1882.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Annual_Report_1882_appendices_not_included.pdf" attr="" comment="Annual report for 1882" date="1264112394" name="Annual_Report_1882_appendices_not_included.pdf" path="Annual Report 1882 appendices not included.pdf" size="11426" stream="Annual Report 1882 appendices not included.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Expenditures_1881-2.pdf" attr="" comment="Expenditures report 1881-2" date="1264113074" name="Expenditures_1881-2.pdf" path="Expenditures 1881-2.pdf" size="248264" stream="Expenditures 1881-2.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Message_from_the_President_1882.pdf" attr="" comment="Message from the President 1882" date="1264113235" name="Message_from_the_President_1882.pdf" path="Message from the President 1882.pdf" size="153926" stream="Message from the President 1882.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Report_for_1882_Bill.pdf" attr="" comment="Report for 1882 Bill" date="1264113341" name="Report_for_1882_Bill.pdf" path="Report for 1882 Bill.pdf" size="153926" stream="Report for 1882 Bill.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Pushback_on_Bill.pdf" attr="" comment="Pushback on Bill" date="1264113506" name="Pushback_on_Bill.pdf" path="Pushback on Bill.pdf" size="691412" stream="Pushback on Bill.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Immigrant_Inspections_1882.pdf" attr="" comment="Immigrant Inspections 1882" date="1264113672" name="Immigrant_Inspections_1882.pdf" path="Immigrant Inspections 1882.pdf" size="161637" stream="Immigrant Inspections 1882.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Repeal_of_sunset_clause_extension_of_Board_1882.pdf" attr="" comment="Repeal of sunset clause 1883" date="1264113917" name="Repeal_of_sunset_clause_extension_of_Board_1882.pdf" path="Repeal of sunset clause extension of Board 1882.pdf" size="666939" stream="Repeal of sunset clause extension of Board 1882.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Annual_Report_1883_appendices_not_included.pdf" attr="" comment="Annual report for 1883" date="1264114191" name="Annual_Report_1883_appendices_not_included.pdf" path="Annual Report 1883 appendices not included.pdf" size="12732" stream="Annual Report 1883 appendices not included.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Expenditures_1883-4.pdf" attr="" comment="Expenditures report 1883-4" date="1264114310" name="Expenditures_1883-4.pdf" path="Expenditures 1883-4.pdf" size="85566" stream="Expenditures 1883-4.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Appropriation_1884.pdf" attr="" comment="Appropriation 1884" date="1264114865" name="Appropriation_1884.pdf" path="Appropriation 1884.pdf" size="49243" stream="Appropriation 1884.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Annual_Report_1884.pdf" attr="" comment="Annual report for 1884" date="1264115246" name="Annual_Report_1884.pdf" path="Annual Report 1884.pdf" size="2574364" stream="Annual Report 1884.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Report_of_the_Commerce_Committee_1886.pdf" attr="" comment="Report of the Commerce Committee 1886" date="1264115567" name="Report_of_the_Commerce_Committee_1886.pdf" path="Report of the Commerce Committee 1886.pdf" size="340447" stream="Report of the Commerce Committee 1886.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Letter_fiscal_deficit_1887.pdf" attr="" comment="Letter fiscal deficit 1887" date="1264115847" name="Letter_fiscal_deficit_1887.pdf" path="Letter fiscal deficit 1887.pdf" size="173403" stream="Letter fiscal deficit 1887.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Removal_of_Ship_Is_Quarantine_Station_1887.pdf" attr="" comment="Removal of Ship Island Quarantine Station 1887" date="1264118690" name="Removal_of_Ship_Is_Quarantine_Station_1887.pdf" path="Removal of Ship Is Quarantine Station 1887.pdf" size="135442" stream="Removal of Ship Is Quarantine Station 1887.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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| META FILEATTACHMENT | attachment="Creation_of_Department_of_Public_Health_1898.pdf" attr="" comment="Creation of Department of Public Health" date="1264118786" name="Creation_of_Department_of_Public_Health_1898.pdf" path="Creation of Department of Public Health 1898.pdf" size="75839" stream="Creation of Department of Public Health 1898.pdf" user="Main.EmilyByrne" version="1" |
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