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Ready for comments. |
| | Virtual Child Pornography And The Constitution |
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< | The digital age has brought with it a proliferation in the creation of child pornography. Today, child pornography is easily ‘created’ with a computer and some software. Virtual child pornography (“VCP”) can be produced in a number of ways. Forms of such pornography include: modified photographs of real children, non-minor teenagers made to look younger, fully computer-generated imagery or adults made to look like children. |
| | Historical Background
In Miller v. California, the Supreme Court held that lewd and obscene speech does not receive First Amendment protection because obscenity serves no crucial role in the exposition of ideas and has little social value. The Court developed a balancing test that asks: (a) whether “the average person, applying contemporary community standards” would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. Material that ‘passes’ the Miller test is thus deemed to be obscene and is not afforded First Amendment protection. In 1982, in New York v. Ferber, the Court held that child pornography involving actual children is a category of speech not protected by the Constitution and that such depictions may be prohibited even if they are not obscene. The Court in Osborne v. Ohio criminalized the mere possession of child pornography.
In 1996, Congress passed the Child Pornography Prevention Act. The CPPA expanded the definition of child pornography by criminalizing the creation of VCP. Under the CPPA, images that appeared to depict children but do not, including images of youthful-looking adults or images that are computer-generated, were illegal. The CPPA also included a “pandering” provision that stated that any visual image that has been promoted in a manner that “conveys the impression” that a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct is depicted, is illegal. |
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< | The Supreme Court found the CPPA unconstitutional on numerous grounds in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition. Congress then came up with The PROTECT Act (Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today). Built on the same platform as the CPPA, it contains some important distinctions that avoid the Constitutional pitfalls of the CPPA. The Supreme Court found the PROTECT Act to be Constitutional. Justice Scalia reasoned as follows: A statute is facially invalid if it prohibits a substantial amount of protected speech. However, because the Court in Miller and Ferber had already proscribed the material involved in the speech – the child pornography - the pandering provision is Constitutional because it targets the “collateral speech”- the pandering which introduces this contraband material into the child pornography distribution network. First Amendment protection only extends to lawful speech; offers to engage in illegal transactions are categorically excluded from First Amendment protection.
Scalia points out that VCP which is marketed as VCP will not be proscribed by the PROTECT Act. The Act proscribes only pandering where the intention is to cause another to believe that the material is contraband. Scalia claimed that Williams was not overruling Free Speech Coalition. Both decisions agreed that the CPPA’s prohibition on creation and distribution of VCP was a violation of First Amendment rights. As a result, one who creates VCP – even if it is indistinguishable from real child pornography - and markets it as VCP is afforded First Amendment rights. |
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> | The Supreme Court found the CPPA unconstitutional on numerous grounds in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition. Congress then came up with The PROTECT Act (Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today). Built on the same platform as the CPPA, it contains some important distinctions that avoid the Constitutional pitfalls of the CPPA. The Supreme Court found the PROTECT Act to be Constitutional. Justice Scalia reasoned as follows: A statute is facially invalid if it prohibits a substantial amount of protected speech. However, because the Court in Miller and Ferber had already proscribed the material involved in the speech – the child pornography - the pandering provision is Constitutional because it targets the “collateral speech”- the pandering which introduces this contraband material into the child pornography distribution network. First Amendment protection only extends to lawful speech; offers to engage in illegal transactions are categorically excluded from First Amendment protection. Scalia points out that VCP which is marketed as VCP will not be proscribed by the PROTECT Act. The Act proscribes only pandering where the intention is to cause another to believe that the material is contraband. As a result, one who creates VCP – even if it is indistinguishable from real child pornography - and markets it as VCP is afforded First Amendment rights. |
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Should It Be Legal to Market VCP As VCP? |
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< | Instinctually, the vast majority of society is repulsed by child pornography. Children are usually the most innocent and defenseless of people. Child pornography harms and debases these innocents. The most damage to children occurs in the production of real child pornography. VCP obviously does not damage children in its production because children were quite possibly never involved in its production. Perhaps VCP is even beneficial to children. Perhaps potential producers of real child pornography might instead turn to its legal cousin so as to avoid prosecution. Perhaps VCP use may decrease cases of sexual abuse by allowing pedophiles to sublimate their desires. It is a victimless alternative that is not intrinsically related to the sexual abuse of children. As a result, goes the argument, the Government cannot restrict this harmless speech. As long as the VCP is not obscene, production is not proscribed under Ferber, nor is possession proscribed under Osborne. Let us examine whether VCP would at least be classified as obscene using the Miller test. |
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> | Instinctually, society is repulsed by child pornography. Children are usually the most innocent and defenseless of people; child pornography harms and debases these innocents. The most damage to children occurs in the production of real child pornography. VCP does not damage children in its production because children were quite possibly never involved in its production. Perhaps VCP is beneficial to children by allowing potential producers of real child pornography to instead turn to its legal cousin so as to avoid prosecution. Thus, VCP use may decrease cases of sexual abuse by allowing pedophiles to sublimate their desires. It is a victimless alternative that is not intrinsically related to the sexual abuse of children. Pehaps the Government cannot restrict this harmless speech. As long as the VCP is not obscene, production is not proscribed under Ferber, nor is possession proscribed under Osborne. Let us examine whether VCP would at least be classified as obscene using the Miller test. |
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1. Does the work, applying community standards, appeal to the purient interest? |
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< | The first question we are faced with in applying this standard to VCP is: who is the community whose standards we are applying? If one produces VCP and posts it on the internet, is the internet community the community we must look to? Perhaps applying the Miller test is not viable in the context of a global internet? This was actually the holding of the Circuit Court in ACLU v. Reno. The Supreme Court, however, disagreed with the Circuit Court’s ruling that the community standards test was overbroad. The Court held that refusal to permit national standards to apply online would make regulation of illegal expression online impossible. |
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> | The first question we are faced with in applying this standard to VCP is: which community's standards do we apply? If one produces VCP and posts it online, is the internet community the community we must look to? Perhaps applying the Miller test is not viable in the context of a global internet? This was actually the holding of the Circuit Court in ACLU v. Reno. The Supreme Court, however, disagreed and held that refusal to permit national standards to apply online would make regulation of illegal expression online impossible. |
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< | Does VCP appeal to the prurient interest? Although some real images of children may seem innocuous to many people, often these images are found stimulating by pedophiles. Would those images be labeled child pornography by the ‘community’? If they are, then virtually all depictions of children – whom to pedophiles are highly eroticized sexual objects – are likely to be classified as child pornography. Obviously this line of reasoning is faulty, and although the pedophile might have nefarious uses for the innocent picture, it is nevertheless an innocent picture. Conversely, VCP is produced specifically for pedophiles and people who are stimulated by these images. As a result these images ought to be labeled as images that appeal to the prurient interests by community standards. |
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> | Does VCP appeal to the prurient interest? Although some real images of children may seem innocuous to many people, often these images are found stimulating by pedophiles. Would those images be labeled child pornography by the ‘community’? If they are, then virtually all depictions of children – whom to pedophiles are highly eroticized sexual objects – are likely to be classified as child pornography. Obviously this line of reasoning is faulty, and although the pedophile might have nefarious uses for the innocent picture, it is nevertheless an innocent picture. Conversely, VCP is produced specifically for pedophiles and people who are stimulated by these images. As a result these images appeal to the prurient interests by community standards. |
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2. Does the work depict or in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law? |
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< | Arguably, there is no criminal more reviled by society than the child molester/pedophile. Any material that aids or incites the pedophile would undoubtedly be repugnant and offensive. According to the Mayo Clinic, studies and case reports indicate that 30% to 80% of individuals who viewed child pornography and 76% of individuals who were arrested for Internet child pornography had molested a child. As a result, any depiction of child pornography, even it involved no children in its production such as VCP, would arguably be found to be offensive. |
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> | Arguably, there is no criminal more reviled by society than the child molester/pedophile. Any material that aids or incites the pedophile would undoubtedly be repugnant and offensive. According to the Mayo Clinic, studies and case reports indicate that 30% to 80% of individuals who viewed child pornography and 76% of individuals who were arrested for internet child pornography had molested a child. As a result, any depiction of child pornography, even it involved no children in its production such as VCP, would arguably be found to be offensive. |
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< | Often the pedophile uses child pornography as a way of tricking his victim into believing that sexual relations between adults and children are normal. VCP that is indistinguishable from real child pornography is probably just as dangerous as the real thing. The pedophile would be able to utilize the virtual depiction the same way he would utilize the real one. Even if the VCP were distinguishable from real child pornography, what is to say that the child victim of the pedophile is able to distinguish between the virtual depiction and the real one? VCP would be offensive simply because it is a tool utilized by the pedophile in his perverse sexual desires. |
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> | Often the pedophile uses child pornography as a way of tricking his victim into believing that sexual relations between adults and children are normal. VCP that is indistinguishable from real child pornography is probably just as dangerous as the real thing. The pedophile would be able to utilize the virtual depiction the same way he would utilize the real one. Even if the VCP were distinguishable from real child pornography, what is to say that the child victim is able to distinguish between the virtual depiction and the real one? VCP would be offensive simply because it is a tool utilized by the pedophile. |
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| | Conclusion |
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< | Real child pornography has been recognized by the Courts as the repulsive tool of child molestation that it is. Those violating child pornography laws are subject to stiff penalties. Somehow, VCP has flown under the radar. Although Congress has attempted to equate VCP with real child pornography, the Supreme Court has thwarted Congress’ attempts on two occasions. Although debatable whether or not VCP is as damaging as real child pornography, it would seem to me that VCP is by its very nature obscene. Because VCP seemingly passes the Miller test it ought to be prosecuted as obscenity. |
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> | Real child pornography has been recognized by the courts as the repulsive tool of child molestation that it is. Those violating child pornography laws are subject to stiff penalties. Somehow, VCP has flown under the radar. Although Congress has attempted to equate VCP with real child pornography, the Supreme Court has thwarted Congress’ attempts on two occasions. Although debatable whether or not VCP is as damaging as real child pornography, it would seem to me that VCP is by its very nature obscene. Because VCP seemingly passes the Miller test it ought to be prosecuted as obscenity. |
| | -- DavidMehl - 15 Apr 2010 |