I think this is an accurate assessment of the 702 renewal situation, which ended as you expected it would. But the next draft can be made can be made stronger because it doesn't need the background and there's no uncertainty about outcome. Preserving the ability to listen to the world is indeed the only priority, and the procedural efforts to keep the cops from ruining everything for the spooks could never be allowed to impose actual constitutional restraints on the national security listening regime as applied to non-US persons, wherever they, their communications, or their counterparties are located. That part of the next draft is straightforward. What comes next?

Reform as Farce: FISA Courts and Surveillance are Here to Stay

-- By JaylenBaxter - 01 Mar 2024

The Federal Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is an integral part of intelligence authority that allows the US government to collect the communications of foreign individuals using US communication services; this includes emails, phone calls, websites visited, text messages, etc. Though specifically targeting non-US citizens and minimizing contact with American citizens, FISA section 702 authorizes the collection of American data.

At the end of 2023, FISA needed to be renewed, however, Congress could not agree on the path to the reauthorization of section 702: a complete refusal to renew, creation of a probable cause bar for citizens, or an expansion of 702. Recently, the executive branch has chimed in, beginning litigation to renew Section 702 through 2025. Surveillance has become a normal aspect of American life post 9-11 with the signing of congressional bills that focused on foreign surveillance to promote comfort in our nation. Congress now has a real chance to reform the existence and operation of FISA courts and American surveillance through section 702.

If a foreign individual is under surveillance by the American government and the foreign person comes into contact with an American Citizen, the citizen's information is collected. On a national scale, this means that thousands of Americans have their information stored by the FBI on “accident,” or as an unintended consequence of foreign surveillance. The dystopian nature of surveillance lies within our response, or rather lack thereof. Our exchange of truth for comfort becomes more akin to A Brave New World each passing day, where every citizen fears the threat of a real or cyber attack on our soil, and for that comfort, we now pay with our freedom. For the smaller amount of Americans who are vigilant against FISA’s encroachment on the 4th Amendment, the next question is obvious: Why won't Congress save us?

Reform 1: The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) has its bill, the FISA Reform and Reauthorization Act (H.R. 6611)

Though this bill is titled as reform, it plunges the US further into a surveillance state. These so-called reforms narrow the type of queries the FBI can use and prohibit “evidence-of-a-crime only” queries. The reasoning here is that under this query intelligence can look for crimes that are unrelated to national security. However, in a growing world where national security is becoming synonymous with comfort, what becomes national security becomes broader. Nonetheless, evidence of a crime query has an oversight and probable cause, making it a rarely used query by the FBI. From a reporting period from Dec 1, 2020, to November 2021, 2,964,643 U.S citizen queries and 13 evidence of a crime only queries. Thus, this seeming reform removes a small part of the FBI's warrantless search into citizens’ houses, papers, and effects, and may potentially do more harm than good. Removing this query removes oversight, (pg 101). When we consider the type of citizens the queries are about, the same report noted that the “FBI conducted thousands of searches concerning people who were arrested in connection with social advocacy and protests around the country.

An additional amendment this bill makes is the expansion of the definition of electronic communication provider to include their “custodians.” This broadened definition also broadens the number of service providers that the government can force to reveal their data. Business landlords, shared workspaces, public wifi, and centers are a few of the locations that could be centers of surveillance with the passage of this bill.

Reform 2: The House Judiciary Committee’s Protect Liberty and End Warrantless Surveillance Act (H.R. 6570)

This bill, the more appropriately titled of the two, requires that the government obtain a warrant for all queries. If the Intelligence Community wanted to obtain the communications of Americans, they would need to produce a probable-cause warrant. This would understandably frustrate the Intelligence community as obtaining a warrant for each individual is a costly and inefficient way to surveil. Though not removing section 702, this reform also falls short of actual reform that stops warrantless searches. This amendment fails to account for American communications that are still being collected ‘incidentally,’ such as through upstream and downstream collection of our data. Intelligence agencies continue to capture our data through foreign investigation and have the ability to collect data from Google, Facebook, and Yahoo, or even law enforcement’s ability to purchase our data.

The veil of Reform: expending energy on the wrong fight

Of the few citizens who are actively trying to end warrantless surveillance, these reforms are built to expend energy. Guised to solve the issue of mass surveillance, especially when named to end warrantless searches, the bill only bolsters surveillance, or at best, deals with the issue on a surface level. The American people must reckon with the lack of options when it comes to surveillance, as Congress has revealed that surveillance is here to stay.

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