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-Nelson, mocking a print journalist on The Simpsons. | |
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< | Introduction | | | There have long been concerns that “new media,” as embodied by the Internet, will soon supplant traditional channels of communications, if it has not done so already. This tension between the old and new is currently being played out in the presidential campaigns where each of the candidates has incorporated new media to some extent in their campaigning. This paper will look at three of the ways in which the presidential candidates have used the Internet to harness funds, attention, and support with varying degrees of success.
The Cyber Piggy Bank: Personal Websites and Fundraising | | | The candidates proudly tout their Internet fundraising totals, using that financial support to gauge popular support, and berate their rivals for underperformance in the online donation arena. Barak Obama, for example, has repeatedly emphasized his online fundraising success. Online contributions to his campaign are expected to top $30 million in February alone, while Hilary Clinton had to personally lend $5 million to her own cash strapped campaign.[3] The financial disparity between the candidates will most certainly have an effect, and thus, the impact of internet fundraising can be felt. | |
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< | Nevertheless, Internet fundraising success does not necessarily translate to political success. Howard Dean, arguably the pioneer of online organization and fundraising, did not even manage to obtain his party’s nomination despite the generous cash flow. More recently, John Edward’s Internet fundraising tally spiked in comparison with his rivals, but he ultimately dropped out of the race after failing to win a single primary. Similarly, Ron Paul outpaced his mainstream rivals, raking in $20 million online in the fourth quarter of 2007, but “In spite of his online popularity, the eccentric Republican won 10 per cent of the votes in the Iowa caucus, 8 per cent of the votes in the New Hampshire primary and only 6 per cent in the Michigan primary.” [4] Because tangible success does not correlate to online financial support, it remains difficult to measure the impact of this use of new media in the presidential campaigns. | >
> | Nevertheless, Internet fundraising success does not necessarily translate to political success. Howard Dean, arguably the pioneer of online organization and fundraising, did not even manage to obtain his party’s nomination despite the generous cash flow. More recently, John Edward’s Internet fundraising tally spiked in comparison with his rivals, but he ultimately dropped out of the race after failing to win a single primary. Similarly, Ron Paul outpaced his mainstream rivals, raking in $20 million online in the fourth quarter of 2007, but “In spite of his online popularity, the eccentric Republican won 10 per cent of the votes in the Iowa caucus, 8 per cent of the votes in the New Hampshire primary and only 6 per cent in the Michigan primary.” [4] Because tangible success does not correlate to online financial support, it remains difficult to measure the impact of this use of new media in the presidential campaigns on the elections at large | | | | |
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< | User Generated Content | >
> | User Generated Content: From the CNN Youtube Debates to Obama Girl
Another way the candidates have incorporated new media into their campaigning is through the use of user-generated content. User-generated content, however, can be a two-edged sword, having the potential to cast a candidate in both a positive and negative light. Political analysts have predicted that user-generated content sites like Youtube will force candidates to be more natural, direct, and honest because of the potential to be filmed anywhere and at anytime on video that can easily be uploaded and distributed. [5] In 2006, for example, a video appeared on Youtube of a Virginia senator using a racial slur. [6] Moreover, unflattering interviews and parodies thrive on the Internet. On the other hand, beginning with the CNN/Youtube Debates, which involved the use of use-generated questions and continuing with personal interviews to video bloggers, candidates have slowly been appropriating the medium to ensure positive publicity. | | | | |
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> | Two recent examples of user-generated content that have taken a life of their own and succeeded in drawing positive attention to their favored candidate are the “I Have a Crush on Obama” video posted by “Obama Girl” and the Yes We Can” music video, a spontaneous, unsolicited showing of support by popular celebrities, produced by Will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas. With approximately 4 million and 6 million views respectively, these videos exemplify the enormous publicity that user-generated content can produce. | | | | |
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< | Social Networking Sites | | | | |
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< | Facebook
All the major candidates have Facebook profiles. Just as any other user's, their profiles contain information on their birthdate, education, interests, and favorites. Instead of "friends" they seek "supporters".
Facebook Support by candidate:
- Obama: 523,033
- Clinton: 113,955
- McCain? : 60,561
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> | Social Networking Sites: Courting the Youth Vote | | | | |
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< | Myspace | >
> | Yet another way new media has impacted presidential campaigning is through the use of social networking sites, especially in connection with capturing the youth vote. A significant percentage of voters between the ages of 18-29 belong to these social networking sites and candidates anxiously flock for support on Facebook and Myspace. These sites are the new battleground in the struggle for these voters. [7] All the major candidates have Facebook and Myspace profiles. In an unabashed nod to their actual purposes on the site, candidates on Facebook do not have "friends" they have "supporters." Obama is the current leader with 523,033 supporters to his name, dwarfing both Clinton (113,955) and McCain? (60, 561). Just as numbers do not reflect political reality in Internet fundraising, the same occurs on these social networking sites. Note that Ron Paul has over 80,000 supporters to McCain? ’s 60,000. | | | | |
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> | The use of social networking sites in campaigning also raises the same concerns of negative publicity as sites such as Youtube: “These sites weaken the level of control that campaigns have over the candidate’s image and message since any- body, both supporters and opponents, can post a video and/or create a page on behalf of the candidates because of the user-driven content of social networking sites.” [7] Indeed, for every “X Rocks” Facebook group, there’s an “X Sucks” group. Additionally, candidates must also question the usefulness of such forays into these networking sites considering that so many users aren’t even on voting age and where more attention and support is given to comedians running on fictional platforms that the candidates themselves. | | | | |
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< | Conclusion | | | [1]Mancour, Terry. User-generated candidate. Guardian Unlimited. February 7, 2008.
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/terry_mancour/2008/02/user_generated_candidate.html | |
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< | [2]http://www.johnmccain.com/landing/?sid=gorganic | >
> | [2] John McCain? Homepage
http://www.johnmccain.com/landing/?sid=gorganic
[3] Cummings, Jeanne._Obama on pace to raise $30 M in Feb_. February 7, 2008. Retrieved February 14th, 2008 from: http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0208/8374.html
[4] Keen, Andrew_New Media’s Role in the U.S. Presidential Campaign_, The Independent, January 28, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from: http://www.freepress.net/news/29875
[5] Lizza, Ryan. The YouTube? election. The New York Times. August 10, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2008 from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/weekinreview/20lizza.html?ex=13137264
00&en=a605fabfcb81eebf&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
[6] Id.
[7] Rawlinson.Linnie. Will the 2008 Election be won on Facebook? May 29, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from: http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/05/01/election.facebook/ | | | | |
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< | [3]http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0208/8374.html | >
> | [8] Gueorguieva, Vassia. Voters, My Space, and You Tube: The Impact of Alternative Communication Channels on the 2006 Election Cycle and Beyond, Social Science Computer Review 2007, ssc.sagepub.com/cgi/rapidpdf/0894439307305636v1.pdf | | | | |
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< | [4]New Media’s Role in the U.S. Presidential Campaign, The Independent, January 28, 2008
http://www.freepress.net/news/29875 | | |
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