| |
| META TOPICPARENT | name="SecondPaper" |
|---|
| |
<
< | Propaganda, Innocence, and the Law | >
> | (as I wrote in my comments to the comments on my first pass at this, I think the error of writing a response rather than revising was more grievous than whatever faults {however serious} I had in the essay itself. I have therefore scrapped my first revision of Peter's paper and revised from his second version). | | | | |
<
< | Glorification of splendid underdogs is nothing other than glorification of the splendid system that makes them so.
Adorno, Minima Moralia | >
> | Innocence, Language, and the Law | | | | |
<
< | I Dehumanizing the victims of wars. | >
> | Innocence | | | | |
<
< | It is no shock that political leaders describe domestic and foreign casualties of war differently. When Americans died on September 11th, the president said “America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world. And no one will keep that light from shining.” Yet when forty civilians were killed in a wedding party in Afghanistan by American bombs, military spokesmen will alternately claim that “this may just be normal, typical militant propaganda,” or at best “if innocent people were killed in this operation, we apologize and express our condolences.” The propagandists are preying upon our implicit values – the value of “innocent” life compared to the lives of “soldiers,” “militants,” or “combatants.” While we may believe that journalists should counter the propaganda impulse, more often media companies, serving their own interests, contribute to it. | >
> | Whenever the victims of suicide bombings or air strikes are catalogued, the victims seem to include women, children, or other “innocent victims.” The traditional print media’s caution in calling victims “innocent” only adds to the phrase’s power. When members of the public comment on news stories, they show no such hesitation. The power of the mantle “innocent women and children” can teach us how word choice implicitly expresses value judgments. | | | | |
<
< | II Definition of terms | >
> | Who is Innocent? | | | | |
<
< | When a professor writes that the employees of international investment firms, working in service of an unjust economic system, may bear some responsibility when that system is attacked, public opinion turns on him. But when the Air and Space Museum plans an exhibit of the Enola Gay that includes artifacts showing the destructive power of atomic bombs (such as a melted lunchbox) the director is forced to resign – acknowledging the human impact of Hiroshima on the Washington Mall is politically unacceptable. The political acts are made possible by a shared social distaste in killing those who are branded with innocence (of what? The war, climate change, the airstrike, a job, being born in a certain country?). | >
> | When a newspaper or a [http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/06/21/iraq.kirkuk.suicide.bombing/][politician]] says that the victim of a suicide bombing was “innocent,” what, exactly, does it mean? Is there some crime heinous enough that, were you guilty of it, blowing you up while you walked through the market would be fair? Does it mean that the victim was not innocent of whatever perceived political grievance fueled the attack? A journalist, politician, or bystander who speaks of an innocent victim too frequently doesn’t answer this question; we should demand that they do. | | | | |
<
< | Orwell adequately debunked the social belief, writing of intentional civilian bombing, which in his day killed those too old to evacuate, that “I can’t feel that war is ‘humanized’ by being confined to the slaughter of the young and becomes ‘barbarous’ when the old get killed as well.” Positing that some people (young, old, male, female) are more deserving of life than others necessarily involves pretending that their counterparts are more deserving of death. The political shill relies on our believing two things we would hesitate to say out loud: that it is better to kill guilty people than innocent people, and that it is better to kill men than women and children. The social belief allows the propaganda to function and flourish – if we accepted that a napalm raid on the ‘right’ village was just as much of an atrocity as the raid on the ‘wrong’ village, there would be no incentive for the powerful to convince us that our enemies bomb children and we bomb only soldiers. | >
> | Once we know what the innocent victim was not guilty of, we should ask whether it matters. Were the bond traders of Cantor Fitzgerald, as players in international finance capitalism, less worthy of sympathy than the busboys of Windows on the World? If the members of an industrialized country cause more pollution, is there some justification in an ecoterrorist targeting them? | | | | |
<
< | III The Role of Journalism | >
> | Women and Children v. Men
That leads us to our third and final question: Are we concerned with people’s actions, or merely with gender and age – that is, does it matter that people are "innocent" or that they are "women and children." In the classic ship wreckage scenario, the “women and children first” policy might make some sense since men are considered to be stronger and therefore better equipped to rescue themselves. | | | | |
<
< | Journalists expect themselves to view authority skeptically; while reporters will quote the palaver from official spokesmen, they will rarely stoop themselves to categorizing wartime dead as “innocents” (though “civilians” still usually passes muster). But just as the self-assured volunteer who contributes to a 30,000 word Wikipedia article on a trivial topic unknowingly debases other subjects left to whither as stubs, the choice of coverage by media companies expresses and promotes a bias more insidious than that of the political propaganda machines, because it is not so easy to see, and not so easy to debunk. | >
> | In suicide bombings or air strikes, however, everyone is equally vulnerable, but even news sources that hesitate to call anyone "innocent" will always mention that the dead inlcuded women and children. What message does this practice send? Orwell pointed out, at a time when urban bombings disproportionately killed the elderly who could not evacuate: “I can’t feel that war is ‘humanized’ by being confined to the slaughter of the young and becomes ‘barbarous’ when the old get killed as well.” But if we believe him, why do journalists still explicitly mention the death of women and children? | | | | |
<
< |
- I must confess that I didn't see your point when you made it and I still don't see it now. The supposed correlation between the length of an article and the importance of its subject is not a Wikipedia standard: you brought it with you as a cultural expectation. It's apparent that in Wikipedia, the length of an article is more likely to correlate with the degree of interest among the demographic base of contributing editors than with the degree of importance attached by anybody other than the editors themselves. Because anyone can edit, anyone who attaches importance to something can attach to the articles about it. Lifetimes pass, habits begin to become universal throughout the Net, and the Wikipedia's eventual successor is simply the Neutral Point of View Version of Everything We Know. But we aren't there now.
| >
> | Language’s Purpose and Impact
In my view, those who highlight “innocence” are implicitly expressing at least two opinions: First, it is better to kill guilty people than innocent people. Second, it is better to kill men than women and children. By packaging the opinions in the language of innocence and the well-being of children, the speakers avoid the harshness of expressing their opinions directly. Still, many readers and listeners will internalize the viewpoint without even knowing it, and begin to accept the views (implicitly) expressed. We receive the message all the more passively when it is so subtly delivered. | | | | |
<
< |
- I suppose my view is that there is no such thing as a "Neutral Point of View Version" of really anything at all, and to believe that we can find or create such a thing is hubristic. Wikipedia can be very useful indeed, but will always reflect the interest of the authors, and that interest is simply not, nor can it ever be, neutral. There is no entry on "Londonderry" in the Wikipedia, and searching for Londonderry will send you to "Derry." This decision is steeped in politics and is in no way neutral, nor is it made less so when made by committee. (Nor does it reflect a decision to use the "official" name, since searching for "Myanmar" will send you to "Burma"). Length of article is perhaps not the best measurement of this bias, but it is easy to document. I think understanding that we can never be free of bias is freeing and that believing we can escape it and view something "neutrally" is a shackle. But that, of course, is my bias. More relevant to the paper, however, is the fact that this discussion is tangential at best and displays a sophomoric arrogance on my part to link to myself elsewhere. It will be cut.
| >
> | Of course, the innocent victim is not the only turn of phrase that infiltrates our view of the world. Most of us are blithely unaware of the racial, gender, status, and class assumptions undergirding so many of the images we see: men advertise cars, women advertise detergent, and when Danny Hoch gets cast on Seinfeld, he is asked to fake a Spanish accent. In most movies, people see marriage as the ultimate fulfillment of life. Do the gender roles displayed by the romantic fantasies influence women who chose to stay at home and look after the children instead of pursuing their professional career? Do they have a role in making men chose one profession over another, or chose to work instead of staying home with children? Why is it still unusual for a man to change his last name upon marriage? How conscious can we be of our decisions, or are they all based on internal and unquestioned traditions and views shown in almost every TV series? | | | | |
<
< | A) A simple example
In the period before the 1991 Gulf War, networks were alive with stories of the abuse of the Kurdish minority in northern Iraq. Sadam Hussein was murdering the Kurds, one of many atrocities that television news was pleased to cover. When the war was over and an “autonomous region” was established in Kurdish Iraq, media coverage of the Kurds (still slaughtered wholesale, only now in Turkey instead of Iraq), faded to the back pages of the international sections, when it was presented at all. Most reporting on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict reported that the KLA, freedom fighters against Saddam, were terrorists in Turkey, prompting Steve Tesich to write that “Whether or not your death is newsworthy depends upon who is killing you.” (Arts and Leisure, Tesich). | >
> | Conclusion
There are no easy answers to the questions raised above. Whether we believe that a child’s death is more tragic than an adult’s, or whether we agree with Orwell that no death is less tragic than another, we should be aware of how we came to those beliefs, and whether the language and images that bombard us every day influenced them. When others tell us what they think, we may even ask to what degree they came to those opinions on their own, and to what degree they were suggested by image, language, and other subtle processes. Moreover, when we speak and write to others, we should take the time think of whether we are in fact passing on subtextual ideas and unsaid assumptions, and if so, whether we mean to. | | | | |
<
< | B) Rationale
Of course, it would be unreasonable to believe that the promotional departments of General Electric, Viacom, or Disney would act in ways that are destructive to the corporate interests, and it is therefore not surprising to see, for example, that torture conducted by countries that provide these companies inexpensive labor (India, China) receives far less coverage than abuses in nations that do not (Pakistan, Iraq). When South Korea, after a decade of corruption scandals, creates an innovative anti-corruption program, there is not a blip on the news in the West – just as there was not a blip on the corruption scandals that created it; the market for Disney films in Soeul will not be bolstered by an ABC investigative report. The most astute reports on genocides from regions bereft of economic engines usually describe principally the lack of coverage itself, bearing titles such as “Borneo Backwater's Clashes Draw Little Notice.” As Adorno noted, the very attempt to critique the problem is itself used to support the condition complained of.
IV The Lawyer’s Role
The lawyer, of course, may be as hemmed in as any reporter. He may represent a company that relies on social assumptions in order to profit, he may work at such a company, or he may simply be restrained from showing the truth behind a story by the Kabuki theatre of the rules of evidence and procedure. But he or she remains an individual for all that, and can remember that many views and opinions are not expressed explicitly but much in a much more subtle way – through choices of what to say and what to leave out. The astute lawyer can see what has been left out in his opponent’s case as well, and can learn to treat the views offered by others very carefully, to stop and ask what may be behind a seemingly simple proposition.
-- AndrewCase - 13 Apr 2009
- This is not editing of anyone else, but an essay of your own. (Just seems relevant to point out the failure of collaboration to take hold.) As an essay, it's major problem seems to me to be the weakness of its conclusion: vigorous idea-making and forceful use of language has been going on, and all that's left at the end of the evaporation process is careful lawyerly listening for the dog that didn't bark in the nighttime. Perhaps something more can be made of the situation you've set up: I think that's the best direction of revision.
- I think the first error is more serious than the second. I misunderstood the scope of what we were expected and wrote a response rather than an edit. I'd prefer to actually attempt to edit properly before revising my own essay.
| >
> | As people that change the world through words, lawyers should be all the more aware of the burdens, power, and assumptions of language. In Western societies, lawyers do not only perform as attorneys, prosecutors and judges, they are also highly involved in politics, business, and more and more even media. Lawyers rely on words more than most other professions do. So whenever we hear, read or speak, we should be awake to the implicit values embedded in our words. | | |
| META TOPICMOVED | by="IanSullivan" date="1239805366" from="LawContempSoc.TWikiGuestSecondPaper" to="LawContempSoc.AndrewCaseSecondPaper" |
|---|
|
|