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| | Introduction |
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< | “Certain words and phrases are useful for the purpose of releasing pent-up emotions, or putting babies to sleep, or inducing certain emotions and attitudes in a political judicial audience." (Cohen, 812). |
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> | During my 2-year experience working at a firm pro bono was both the area of law with which I was most disgusted, and the area of law the firm increasingly touted as its saving grace. Pro bono cases were consistently referenced as the only times when an attorney felt they’d done well, yet pro bono work was spoken of as though it were a side dish to the main course of insurance amalgamations and antitrust defense. The below is an exploration of the meaning of pro bono to a law firm, and a potential solution to fix this part of the law. |
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< | I believe the phrase law firms, trained in the mastery of words and manipulation of phrases, use to allow its worker babies to sleep at night is Pro Bono. During my 2-year experience working at a firm pro bono was both the area of law with which I was most disgusted, and the area of law the firm increasingly touted as its saving grace. Pro bono cases were consistently referenced as the only time an attorney felt they had done well, yet pro bono work was spoken of as though it were a side dish to the main course of insurance amalgamations and antitrust defense. The below is an exploration of the meaning of pro bono to a law firm, and what it may illuminate about a problem within the firm structure and how to fix it. |
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> | Problem |
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> | It is part of every lawyers obligation to serve the public without fee some of the time. This concept is commonly known as pro bono. But the pro bono system as currently practiced, is neither fee-less nor functions to serve the public to the extent it should. Arguably, it best serves the needs of those who are least in need - the biggest private firms who in fact make money off this concept. Firms keep track of pro bono work via hours. Partners – whose time is most valuable monetarily – pass off their pro bono hour obligations to underling associates who bill out at lower hourly rates. This allows firms to make good on their pro bono obligations in a cost effective way. Additionally it gives firms an easy way to keep public count of their mitzvahs, which they use as marketing material to improve their reputation. Reducing pro bono to billable hours also robs attorneys of the full emotional benefit of doing work for the public good, thus ensuring they will not jump ship to board a non-profit lifeboat. Firms don’t want attorneys to fully feel the effect of helping a fellow human in need so they define pro bono not by its elements – the people helped, the emotions felt – but by reductive, numerical processes that devalue the potential benefit of pro bono. |
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< | What does it mean?? |
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< | “All concepts that cannot be defined in terms of the elements of actual experience are meaningless." (Cohen, 826). |
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> | Solution |
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< | The only elements through which firms attempt to define the pro bono experience are hours. Firms institute pro bono hour requirements. They award prizes (coffee mugs, blankets, and handbags emblazoned with the firm name) that increase in worth according to the amount of hours completed. Some firms use the number of hours spent on pro bono projects in their calculus of who makes partner. Still others allow attorneys to “credit” time spent on pro bono projects towards the required number of billable hours. By re-naming hours spent on pro bono cases “credits,” firms imply real work was not done. Firms attempt to define pro bono not by its elements – the people helped, the emotions felt – but instead by reductive, numerical processes that serve to devalue the potential benefit of pro bono. |
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> | For two years post-law school, every law student will be required to do exclusively pro bono work, or law students will be required to spend the entirety of their 3L year exclusively doing public interest clinics and their first year out of school doing exclusively pro bono work. Post-grads can either work for the government, non-profit institutions, or large firms (with the understanding they will work exclusively on pro bono cases for the first two years). Large firms can have independent pro bono departments run by attorneys hired to train and oversee the first and second year associates handling the cases. |
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< | Reducing pro bono to billable hours robs attorneys of the full emotional benefit of doing work for the public good, thus ensuring they will not jump ship to board a non-profit lifeboat. It feels good to help a fellow human in need. This emotion could be a stand-alone reward for pro bono but instead firms turn the hours spent achieving this goal into billable quantities. This allows firms to keep public count of their mitzvahs while taking the attorney’s attention away from the emotional impact of their work and the human helped. Attorneys unconsciously devalue the emotional good felt from helping others. However this causes splitting within the attorneys’ unconscious. It does not fully abolish the emotional good, but rather masks it in silly toys and overflowing time-tickets. |
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> | This system would provide a service to the larger community, it would allow recently graduated law students to get "real world" experience in various specialities while abolishing the ridiculous notion that the only way law students can receive training necessary to being a lawyer is while doing corporate work, and it would guarantee all lawyers get to experience the full emotional wonderfulness one gets from helping someone in need. |
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< | Instead of the parade of hours by which pro bono is currently measured, it would be better, more functional, to define pro bono in terms of the elements of the actual experience of doing the work. Compilations of testimonies from individuals involved in pro bono (attorneys and clients), the emotions they felt, and the lessons they learned. Firms could quantify and display the number of successful cases, so as to satisfy their desire to have public proof of the good done. |
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> | Who will fund such a public works project? Salaries at firms will be capped for post-grad law students during their first two years in the workforce, with the money firms would be spending on new associate salaries going instead to supplement the salaries of employees at non-profit institutions (firms could claim the tax write-off). Firms who do not comply and instead continue the current method of pro bono practice will be responsible for a tax or contribution (based on pro bono services rendered) and/or law schools who do not comply will be required to submit a portion of excess tuition to a subsidy fund which will be distributed in the form of loan forgiveness to attorneys working in public interest programs. |
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< | Resistance will be met because this would allow attorneys to feel the full power of doing work for the right side. But at a certain point a business can only thrive if it’s employees are happy. Fear that employees will quit because they feel more emotional satisfaction from pro bono is an unpersuasive reason to engender unhappiness and prevent attorneys from feeling the benefit of helping others. A business model built around keeping employee morale low cannot survive. Firm attorneys may get monetary satisfaction from their everyday work, and allowing them an outlet in which they feel emotional satisfaction might actually encourage attorneys who would otherwise leave to stay. |
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> | The system can model that of medical residency programs. Some might claim society has an interest in funding medical training and promoting doctor education, which is non-existent for the law. I believe an analogous argument can be made for lawyers if law schools and law firms re-focus the emphasis on the duty lawyers owe to the public and the good that can be reaped. One reason people don’t focus on the good lawyers do is because lawyers themselves are forced not to focus on this part of their work. If lawyers were encouraged to feel the full depth and benefit of their pro bono work, perhaps some focus would shift towards the public responsibility lawyers have and the vested interest society has in training these lawyers. |
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< | However this more functional method of tracking pro bono and the reduction in turnover that could result will likely not be a strong enough counter-argument for the economic value in the current process. Reducing pro bono to billable hours satisfies the attorneys’ moral obligation (attached to their license) to give back to society, and does so in an economical way. Partners' time is most valuable. Because associates are concerned with filling pro bono hour requirements and going above and beyond those requirements (it looks good if you're on the partner track) partners are able to pass off their pro bono hour obligations to underling associates who's time is less valuable and who want the pro bono gold stars. Firms fulfill their moral obligations while simultaneously maximizing the money squeezed out of every hour by outsourcing the pro bono work to underling attorneys within the firm. |
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> | Conclusion |
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> | Too many times at Skadden I listened to associates speak listlessly of illusions they had of doing good with their license. Too many times throughout this first year of law school I listened to classmates who came to school with the intention of helping people now say “I’ll work at a firm and do pro bono work.” Big firm pro bono work will not satisfy their urge to help, but rather quash whatever vision they had of pro bono and replace it with feelings of guilt, emptiness and a split unconscious. |
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< | What does it mean???
Too many times at Skadden I listened to associates speak listlessly of illusions they had of doing good with their license. Too many times throughout this first year of law school have I listened to classmates who came to law school with the intention of helping people instead now say “I’ll work at a firm for a while and do pro bono work…”
As currently practice pro bono is a misnomer. It is not for the good of the people; it is for the reputation of the firm and the mollification of the collective conscious of the attorneys doing the work. But the mollification doesn’t work. To reduce something so human into hours and percentages robs a meaningful experience of the emotional benefit it provides, and thus leaves one feeling hollow inside. Attorneys split. Firms put the business before the employees in every respect without recognizing that the employees are what make the business. Defining pro bono in terms of its actual elements – the emotions bred from helping those in need has potential to make this area of law firms functional. There is a chance helping attorneys feel happier in at least part of their work will help the firm function better as well. |
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> | As currently practiced pro bono is a misnomer. It is not for the good of the people; it is for the reputation of the firm and the mollification of the collective conscious of the attorneys doing the work. But the mollification doesn’t work and the public image of firms is broken. “All concepts that cannot be defined in terms of the elements of actual experience are meaningless." (Cohen, 826). Instead of the parade of hours by which pro bono is currently measured, it would be better, more functional, to redesign pro bono so that it places more emphasis on the duty lawyers owe the public, the good lawyers are able to do and the emotional experience obtained from doing that good. Conscripting law students takes them beyond the Ayn Rand self interest they learned in high school, and teaches them (and potentially instills an interest in) the obligation to society inherent in their license. |
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