So? You still haven't explained why this is a problem. If it's the word itself on the page, modify your browser so it won't show you some seven dirty words. If it's the knowledge that people have such thoughts, or at least make such utterances, how is that a harm we have any reason, let alone right, to prevent?

What is the real problem? Neither this nor the prior draft has explained why "inflammatory language" is something society needs to worry about. Conduct (the putting in fear that is assault, for example) we regulate extensively, and language we let be, in the interest of freedom of thought. Why should we be concerned to move this line, or more riskily yet, endow others with power to move the line for us?

Is it possible that we could take too seriously the stuff put in a microblogging service by people idly commenting on some entertainment industry hype "event"? It's a little like paying any attention whatever to comments on YouTube, don't you think? Is it a step up or a step down from being concerned with the dialog in Quentin Tarantino movies?

The crazy thing is, I've actually never been called a n*gger in real life...In the online world, however, which is where most of my social life resides, the word is tossed about as freely as it was in the 50s and 60s. Users hide comfortably behind their computer screens and type the most obnoxious, offensive things that they can think of and wait for a response (cite).

The racially inflammatory speech directed toward Rae can be said to fall under the much broader definition of trolling or, online speech designed to provoke an emotional response.

Is it "directed" towards anybody? These are the disembodied voices of a bullshit universe, where sensible people do not look for conversation. Whatever is there, whatever its degree of offensiveness, hatred, stupidity, insensitivity, or vernacular genius, we are in no danger whatever of being forced to interact with it, or subjected to any power it represents. So why is it a problem at all?

In the US, such expression (assuming that it doesn't venture into the realm of illegality) is protected under the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. In light of the crudity of some internet commentary, this paper argues that 1) trolling as exhibited by the above comments is problematic and 2) private entities should take measures to encourage users to post limited identifying information in an effort to enhance personal responsibility for such behavior.

Many individuals, particularly those on the receiving end of trolling,

There isn't any receiving end. You're talking about Twitter, which is a service no one needs and no one is compelled to receive any particular communications on. It does not matter what is written by whom on the wall of a bathroom you will never have to use. You are arguing, you say, that this is "problematic." So what is the argument?

may agree with Rae that both the frequency and intensity of inflammatory comments is heightened online as compared to real life. Indeed, in real life, fewer individuals would be willing to make any of the statements discussed in the first paragraph simply for the purpose of evoking a response. Not only is the threat of physical violence a poignant deterrent, but the possibility of other types of social repercussions also constrain such behavior. An individual might be concerned, for instance, that the comment might reflect poorly on his character or jeopardize his job. Even where this is not the case, real life has an interpersonal element where the deliverer of such speech would likely have to look at his listeners and personally experience their reactions.

This is one set of points about why context matters. There are many other respects in which context matters, too. If you are going to argue that there is a problem, you need to be attentive to the context where the problem is supposed to be. Arguing that there would be less or more of a problem in a different context is not sufficient to establish this point. What one cannot say on the street one can say through digital media. This is both good and bad, depending on context. What a fool can shout down a rain barrel does not seem to me to be an important question of social policy or legal theory, because the context is trivial. Why isn't the context trivial here?

On the internet, however, the ability of society to respond to such behavior is substantially limited. For one, trolls can "hit and run" with relative ease. Also, some users consciously decide to not "feed the trolls" and don't reply to troll posts. Assuming that there is some value in the free exchange of ideas, erroneously dismissing an individual as a troll could mean that an opportunity for useful social exchange is missed.

What is potentially erroneous about deciding to ignore people using stupid offensive language on a microblogging service? Might the speaker actually be Henry James or Virginia Woolf, and we missed it?

This is a poor argument because no better argument was available to you. In fact, ignoring the people who shout obscenities in the digital street is costless, harmless, and effective. Because both negative and positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, ignoring is precisely the behavior that represses the undesired phenomenon. It has no drawbacks and works perfectly. So it should be adopted. But if that's the conclusion, then your argument has developed in a direction you did not intend. So a bad argument is used to stop the gap. Better would be a broader reconsideration.

Unless she decides to modify either her browser or her browsing. But in any event, the strategy of ignoring isn't made less useful by being used. Evidently if there were nothing to ignore no ignoring would be necessary. Why is that an argument against ignoring?

The correct answer to this proposition was given by Justice Holmes in Gitlow v. New York: "Every idea is an incitement."

In light of the problematic aspects of trolling noted above, companies like Youtube have already begun to brainstorm solutions.

Does that mean "to consider"?

One new policy prompts commenters to change their username to their real name. Currently, it is still optional and users can decide to continue to post under their usernames if they provide a reason. The explanation “I’m not sure, I’ll decide later” is presently accepted as sufficient (cite).

Saying you're going to make a link is not the same as making one.

Such measures perhaps assume that individuals who will elect to post identifying information may be less likely to post comments simply to get a response and those who do not elect to do so and proceed to post inflammatory material will be more easily and correctly identified as trolls. It might be useful for sites to go a step further and give users the option to only see posts from users who choose to identify themselves.

If you want to censor your reading, you can have your browser do it for you. You are not required to read anything you don't want to read on the Web, including ads.

While steps such as those above are unlikely to totally eliminate trolling, it may help users distinguish such behavior from other types of expression and may actually enhance freedom of speech by reducing the efficacy of the movement by some to ban trolling altogether.

The "type" of expression you are discussing is the type whose purpose is to create an emotional reaction? That "type" includes all art. Or did you mean the type that uses offensive words, which includes only some art? But it seems to me that the type is stupid offensive commentary in a locale no one needs to use and that no one has to read unfiltered and in which, accordingly, there isn't any problem anyway. If I'm wrong about that, the essay has to explain why.

-- By ShakimaWells - 14 Nov 2012

When the hit internet series Awkward Black Girl won the Shorty Award, one user tweeted in response, "Anthony Cumia lost to a N*ggerette!!! Another wrote, "ThingsBetterthanAwkwardBlackGirl:The smell coming from Treyvon Martin." And still another quipped, "Congrats on winning, do you get 3/5 of an award?" Noting the difference between these comments and her real life experiences, Issa Rae, the show's creator wrote,

The crazy thing is, Ive actually never been called a n*gger in real life...In the online world, however, which is where most of my social life resides, the word is tossed about as freely as it was in the 50s and 60s. Users hide comfortably behind their computer screens and type the most obnoxious,offensive things that they can think of and wait for a response (cite).

The racially inflammatory speech directed toward Rae can be said to fall under the much broader definition of trolling or, online speech designed to provoke an emotional response. In the US, such expression (assuming that it doesnt venture into the realm of illegality) is protected under the First Amendment's right to freedom of speech. In light of the well-known crudity of some internet commentary, this part argues that 1) trolling as exhibited by the above comments is problematic and 2) private entities should take measures to encourage users to post identifying information in an effort to enhance personal responsibility for such behavior.

Many individuals, particularly those on the receiving end of trolling, may agree with Rae that both the frequency and intensity of inflammatory comments is heightened online as compared to real life. Indeed, in real life, fewer individuals would be willing to make any of the statements discussed in the first paragraph simply for the purpose of evoking a response. Not only is the threat of physical violence a poignant deterrent, but the possibility of other types of social repercussions also constrain such behavior. An individual might be concerned, for instance, that the comment might get back to his place of work or affect his standing within his community. Even if this were not the case, real life activity delivery might be constrained by the interpersonal fact that the deliverer of such speech would likely have to look at his listeners and personally experience their reactions.

On the internet, however, the ability of society to respond to such behavior is substantially limited. For one, trolls can effectively hit and run with relative ease. Also, some users consciously decide to "not feed the trolls" and dont reply to troll posts. Assuming that there is some value in the free exchange of ideas, erroneously dismissing an individual as a troll could mean that an opportunity for useful social exchange is missed. In other cases, the sheer distance between the speaker and the listener online encourages bystanders to be apathetic. Would these same individuals ignore this behavior if it were occurring on the sidewalk in front of them? If not, why? Is the impact of the behavior on society or on the receiver any less damaging online than in real life? What if listeners decided to change their behavior to avoid this kind of speech in the future? Couldn't this also result in negative social externalities by limiting the opportunity for these individuals to engage in what could otherwise be socially beneficial behavior? Also, one of the benefits of the internet is that it is more easily accessible to different types of users. If small children witness such speech without also witnessing the social response, couldnt this negatively affect their behavior and development?

Even if one were to try to simply ignore troll posts in a way that they might try to avoid inflammatory material found in other forms, online users will find that they can be hard to escape. The ease of access to the internet also means that inflammatory language can be, and often is, found in the midst of otherwise useful, entertaining or informative content. A user who browses user comments simply to gage public reaction to a funny video or political debate, for instance, will almost certainly encounter inflammatory language.

The concepts of pseudonymity and anonymity also contribute to the discussion of trolling. By posting anonymously, an individual can avoid personal accountability and thus some of the abovementioned negative consequences of their actions. The ability to use a pseudonym similarly allows an individual to assume an online mask of sorts. To be sure, anonymity and psuedonmymity serve important sociopolitical functions. The Supreme Court, in McIntyre? v. Ohio Board of Elections, articulated this view when it wrote, "Anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority...It thus exemplifies the purpose behind the Bill of Rights and the First Amendment in particular; to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation..." Freedom of speech is not absolute, however, and the type of speech referred to by the court can arguably be distingished from trolling, which is primarily designed to garner an emotional response.

In light of the problematic aspects of trolling noted above, it is perhaps unsurprising that companies like Youtube have already begun to brainstorm solutions. One new policy prompts commenters to change their username to their real name. Currently, it is still optional and users can decide to continue to post under their usernames if they provide a reason. The explanation “I’m not sure, I’ll decide later” is presently accepted as sufficient (cite). Such measures perhaps assume that individuals who will elect to post identifying information may be less likely to post comments simply to get a response and those who do not elect to do so and proceed to post inflammatory material will be more easily distinguished from other users. While steps such as those above are unlikely to totally eliminate online behavior that is simply intended to inflame other users, it may help users distinguish such behavior from other types of expression and may actually enhance freedom of speech by reducing the push by some to ban trolling.

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