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< | Free Access to Law: State Codes | >
> | Free Access to Law: State Codes (edited) | | | -- By StephenHorton - 16 Oct 2014 | | | A Brief History
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, when what has come to be known as the Internet was still in early development, there was no significant source of free legal information online. Online legal publishers, government and private sector alike, universally charged for access. But that began to change in 1992 when Thomas Bruce and Peter Martin, two Cornell Law School academics, founded the Legal Information Institute, which provided free access to U.S. legal materials. Soon after, other projects all over the world followed in Cornell’s footsteps (many borrowing the “LII” name). | |
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< | In 2002, Cornell LII and six other similar projects came together and created the “Declaration on Free Access to Law,” which has subsequently been amended. This declaration was meant to set forth principles they believed to be crucial in the promulgation of free legal information and created the Free Access to Law Movement, which now has 45 members across the globe. | >
> | In 2002, Cornell LII and six similar projects created the “Declaration on Free Access to Law,” which has subsequently been amended. This declaration was meant to set forth principles they believed to be crucial in the promulgation of free legal information and created the Free Access to Law Movement, which now has 45 members across the globe. | | | | |
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< | The Free Access to Law Movement and the Declaration on Free Access to Law are admirable and have been highly successful thus far, but the Declaration does not directly address an issue that has plagued American law—copyright of public law. For the vast majority of the world, case law and legislation are exempt from copyright, as allowed by Article 2(4) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. This is not true in the United States. | >
> | The Free Access to Law Movement and the Declaration on Free Access to Law are admirable and have been highly successful, but the Declaration does not directly address an issue that has plagued American law—copyright of public law. For the vast majority of the world, case law and legislation are exempt from copyright, as allowed by Article 2(4) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. This is not true in the United States. | | | The Copyright of Law
While § 105 of the Copyright Act forecloses copyright protection for works prepared by federal employees in their official capacity , it is silent on whether the works of the states can be copyrighted. Taking advantage of this silence, several states have claimed copyrights of their statutes. Perhaps even more problematic, the states that outsource the codification process to companies like LexisNexis and West Publishing Co. are often contractually required to surrender all of the intellectual property in the resulting state codes. This leads to conglomerates owning copyrights in state statutes, which is unacceptable.
Regardless of the claims of states that believe they can enforce copyright claims (whether or not they choose to do so), the plain texts of state statutes are certainly not properly copyrighted. First, the Supreme Court stated that in the context of judicial opinions, “(j)udges . . . can themselves have no . . . proprietorship, as against the public at large, in the fruits of their judicial labors. . . . [N]o copyright could under the statutes passed by Congress, be secured in the products of the labor done by judicial officers in the discharge of their judicial duties. The whole work done by the judges constitutes the authentic exposition and interpretation of the law, which, binding every citizen, is free for publication to all. . . .” Banks v. Manchester, 128 U.S. 244, 253 (1888). The rationale that the law is in the public domain applies even more strongly to legislative works, since such works were created by popularly elected officials. Therefore, the people of the state in question constructively created the statutes that the state enacts. | |
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< | Secondly, a fundamental tenet of American law is ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance is not an excuse for violation of the law). The reason for such a rule is obvious: otherwise, everyone accused of a crime could simply say that they didn’t know their actions were illegal in order to escape punishment. But, that foundation works only if people can actually access the law. Due process demands that state statutes are not copyrightable and therefore freely accessible to all those who live in the United States. Moreover, knowledge of the law is mandatory for a functioning litigation system based on an adversarial process. When only one side knows the rules to the game because an average citizen was unable to access the relevant statute, it will lead to (increased) domination of the poor by the wealthy and the promulgation of bad law. | >
> | Secondly, a fundamental tenet of American law is ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance is not an excuse for violation of the law). It is absolutely true that no one can possibly know even a significant fraction of one state’s laws. It is also true that no one actually believes that any person has total knowledge of all legal provisions relevant to his or her behavior, just like no one actually believes that a corporation is a person. But the fact that no one can know all law is exactly why access to law is so crucial. Any legal system would fall apart if a simple lack of knowledge of the relevant legal provision were enough to be exculpatory, and even if that reasoning isn’t morally satisfying, it has enough practical power to justify ignorantia juris non excusat. The legal fiction exists for the same reason all legal fictions exist: because they need to in order to make the system function. Because of that necessity, everyone must have the means to find out law, even if they don’t contain all legal knowledge in their mind at all times. Due process demands that state statutes are not copyrightable and therefore freely accessible to all those who live in the United States. Furthermore, knowledge of the law is mandatory for a functioning litigation system based on an adversarial process. When only one side knows the rules to the game because an average citizen was unable to access the relevant statute, it will lead to (increased) domination of the poor by the wealthy and the promulgation of bad law. | | | | |
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< | The states and publishers argue that the process of compiling the codes, paginating them, and adding annotation adds the requisite creativity in order to warrant copyright protection under the Copyright Act. This position is indefensible. Publishers do not exercise the requisite creative influence in compiling state codes to warrant protection under current law. Unlike a treatise on a state’s code (or, stepping outside the legal field, a literary anthology), publishers of state codes do not exercise discretion by choosing to include certain statutes and leaving out others, nor do the codes have commentary scattered among the included provisions. | >
> | The states and publishers argue that the process of compiling the codes, paginating them, and adding annotation adds the requisite creativity in order to warrant copyright protection under the Copyright Act. This position is indefensible. Publishers do not exercise the requisite creative influence in compiling state codes to warrant protection under current law. Unlike a treatise on a state’s code (or, stepping outside the legal field, a literary anthology), publishers of state codes do not exercise discretion by choosing to include certain statutes and leaving out others, nor do the codes have commentary scattered among the included provisions. However, it must be acknowledged that there is a weakness to my argument when it comes to the adoption of copyrighted codes by resource-strapped towns and cities (like municipal building codes) that were created by proprietary publishers. Such creation certainly includes the requisite creativity to warrant copyright protection under the Act. | | | | |
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< | However, even if we assume that rote work like pagination or annotating codes with cases that have cited to them involves enough independent creativity in order to warrant a copyright, the protection of the published code is functionally an inequitable copyright of the underlying statute. This is a destruction of an inherent right vested in the people—that of Constitutional Due Process, as discussed above. But, on a broader scale, this is a matter of fundamental justice. People have a right to whatever information they want, especially when that information is the skeleton of society. | >
> | However, at bottom, the protection of the published code is an inequitable copyright of the statutes that govern citizens' behavior. This is a destruction of an inherent right vested in the people—that of Constitutional Due Process, as discussed above. But, on a broader scale, this is a matter of fundamental justice. People have a right to whatever information they want, especially when that information is the skeleton of society. | | | Conclusion
The Free Access to Law Movement has not yet waged a proper or successful campaign against the copyright of state codes. In order to begin to do so, they should explicitly and powerfully condemn the copyright of such codes by public bodies as well as contracted publishers in an amended Declaration. Furthermore, the Movement should publish a free license in the mold of the GNU General Public License for states to use in their contracts with private publishers. As we have seen in the Free Software Movement , such a license can and will protect the right of the people to access information that is rightfully theirs. | |
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You could make the essay stronger if you explained in more detail the
existing legal situation, which is not that of 1888. Neither the
copyright law nor the particular facts and circumstances surrounding
publication of legislation are detailed, which would help the reader
to judge your position's practicability. You might also have
mentioned that much local legislation (building, fire and safety
codes in the nation's municipalities, for example) are produced by
proprietary publishers, and are adopted (as those publishers'
previously copyrighted works) by counties, municipalities, tax and
water districts, and other governmental bodies that have not the
resources necessary to generate and enact their own laws.
It is unclear to me why you treat the fiction of a responsibility to
know the law seriously, or believe it has any relevance to your
argument. No one actually supposes that anyone else has an actual
knowledge of all the legal rules appertaining to her or his conduct.
You are a professional in training, with access not only to all the
digital resources but also to the second-largest law library in North
America, including a full-time dedicated research staff. You have
not, personally, a thorough knowledge even of the penal code of the
state in which you reside, let alone a detailed grasp of all the laws
that are relevant to your daily life, and you never will. The
principle that you cannot plead ignorance as an excuse is not based
on the possibility, let alone the probability, of your actual
knowledge, despite your being a member of the tiny educated elite
that knows some of the law.
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