Private-Public Partnership

As a citizen of a country that is based on a constitutional democracy, which acknowledges an inalienable right to privacy, one would expect that respective government to protect its citizens from cyber-attacks and illegal surveillance. However, the latest after Snowden’s revelations we know that reality looks different. Since governments themselves may initiate and/or become targets of cyber-attacks, individuals can’t solely rely on governments to ensure their constitutionally mandated protective function.

Why does that lead to the conclusion that government will not attempt to prevent cyber attack? Governments are more involved in protecting digital "infrastructure" from foreign attack during what should be peacetime than they are in protecting most societal infrastructure. They may be less reliable than citizens perceive in limiting the efforts of their own listeners, and less effective than they and their citizens would like against the most powerful outsiders, but I'm not aware of any evidence that governments with money to spend are less motivated in these matters than they used to be. What's the evidence?

I was not trying to imply that government will not attempt to prevent cyber-attacks, quite the contrary is likely true. What I was trying to point to is that citizens’ trust in its government’s ability to protect them from outside attacks has decreased. By way of example, after the revelation that Chancellor Merkel’s phone was tapped by NSA for three years, the trust of German citizens in its government has decreased. While government-on-government spying is nothing new, what has changed – and what Snowden revealed – was the unprecedented scale of the spying activities, which are mainly made possible by technological developments.

With the knowledge gained thanks to Snowden, we can change our behavior accordingly - at least theoretically. By we, I mean each and every one of us. I say theoretically because society is distracted easily and technological knowledge and abilities are often lacking. Be that as it may, at least we now know about the occurrence and the scale of government surveillance. What society generally doesn’t appreciate though, is the role the big data economy plays as a facilitator (voluntarily or not) of privacy attacks inflicted upon us.

Evidence? Most of the public opinion research I see suggests that educated users of the Net in many countries think private surveillance is a bigger problem than government listening. What can you point to that leads to the opposite conclusion?

Agreed that users are likely more concerned about private surveillance. I was trying to point to a slightly different aspect, notably the convergence of private and government surveillance. Governments use data and tech from private companies. Generally, the strict separation of the two spheres (government vs. private surveillance) has become blurred and private companies’ surveillance poses new challenges to democracies. One example that comes to mind is the Cambridge Analytica scandal and the corresponding data gathering of private companies targeted at influencing public opinion and elections.

And these private companies are typically not subject to constitutional notions of privacy but rather possess wide discretion to use our data as set forth in their terms of use.

The internet is as a system without clear country borders and where private and public sectors converge. This means that we live in a world where big data companies might become (voluntary or involuntary through e.g. decryption backdoors) henchmen of governments. If mandated for the wrong reasons, the government’s availment of big data companies isn’t much different morally than the 18th century-style issuance of general warrants. What is very different in the digital age though is the scale, speed and simplicity with which a disagreeable individual can be traced and manipulated. Even more severe are the potential chilling effects the technological possibilities in the digital age imply to a society as a whole (see Xinjiang): The big data surveillance is not merely about the data collection of individuals but about the study of contextual and collective human behavior. Other reasons for concern are the sometimes opaque motives of big data companies themselves, let alone the difficulty for consumers to know with certainty the implications of all the data they give away for free.

Barrhus Frederic—known universally as BF—Skinner, actually. It would have been better to check.

What are the names being dropped for? I don't associate Dianne Feinstein with Jeremy Bentham much. Is this the Panopticon Bentham? Not really a model for thinking about the national security state, nor an explanation of why the senior Democrat and Republican on the Senate Intelligence Committee would take the political positions these senators are predictably taking (again). They're not visionaries imagining some changed form of human society. They're political supporters of the intelligence community whose influence depends on relationship.

The names were dropped to show general examples of (possible) unwanted realities that could result from a combination of political initiatives that attack privacy and today’s technological possibilities. It wasn’t intended to link specific politicians to particular ideologies. Since this wasn't clear, I deleted the names. In my view bad realities would be Benthamian-inspired thinking of utilitarianism or Harari’s Homo Deus, which presuppose a fully-transparent citizen.

Given (private) big data companies’ role, I believe we should respond twofold: Firstly, regulation has to be amended to address the changed reality, particularly with respect to big data companies. Secondly, individuals have to be educated in order to have the desire to protect themselves.

In regards to regulation, the principles set forth in the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) may, on paper, seem like a step in the right direction. Some positive developments can be mentioned: The new sanction system that will enter into force – a fine of the higher of either up to 4 % of a company’s worldwide annual turnover or up to 20 million EUR – will finally cause companies to take data protection seriously. The privacy by design principle encourages encryption of private data. Further, the extra-territorial reach of GDPR might foster the development of converging rules and provide an equal level of privacy protection. In this regard, the European Commission's efforts to combat local storage requirements in trade agreements can be mentioned (https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidschrieberg1/2018/02/11/e-u-hoping-new-data-protection-under-gdpr-will-have-global-impact/#57258c042dc1).

Even if these policies may be well intended, they don’t lack shortcomings. On a political point, it seems unlikely that non-EU countries will follow these demands due to fundamentally divergent views and interests when it comes to privacy. Dictated by real-world economy constraints and shareholder value considerations, unfortunately private sector companies are likely to cave into demands on local data storage and sharing, as recently observed with the demands made by China and followed by apple (https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-moving-icloud-encryption-keys-to-china-for-china-based-users/). Infrastructural, the major shortcoming is that GDPR focuses on a bilateral transactional relationship. The governance of the bilateral relationship is necessary but far from sufficient since the big issue relates to behavior collection on a large scale that affects society as a whole. On this point, GDPR remains silent. Speculating as to why this may be the case, two presumptions come to mind: Either expert technological know-how and/or enforcement manpower is lacking or, perhaps the more likely explanation, the EU fears to fall further behind in the “digitization” race, which it feels might happen if the EU was to actually intervene in the technological infrastructure and in code.

Another essential pillar, if privacy is to be taken seriously in the digital age, is the education of individuals and the establishment of networks devoted to ascertaining privacy. With data breaches and negative news of (centralized) big data companies on the rise, one would expect that privacy becomes a topic that individuals start to care more about. Still, the raising of awareness is one of the greatest challenges. Our ability to spell out, in simple terms and tangible form, the dangers a society driven and controllable by big data poses, becomes crucial. And it is a very challenging task due to the abstract, intangible concepts of privacy, which further requires at least basic technological understandings. Even for Columbia Law students the topic is challenging as was exemplified by a speech at graduation where graduating students thanked the Law School for providing a “safe learning environment” – of course they meant a physically safe environment. However, thanks to the rise of scandals and tangible examples – e.g. Cambridge Analytica or Xinjiang – there is momentum. We must make sure that in the noise people don’t lose sight of what we stand to risk. Strong counter forces are at play, such as the “convenience” aspect, the fear of missing out on something – particularly among teenagers – and of course the lobbying by big tech.

Education, I believe, should start with tricks we learned in this course: Knowing how to browse anonymously and writing encrypted emails. Further, we have to figure out whether there is any actual smart way of using the smart phone. In the greater shape of things, educating children about privacy is crucial. We must make sure that children understand the risks involved in their daily usage of technology and equip them with tools that allow to take better control of their own data. This will require a severe realignment of the current trends in education. The task requires a wider societal discourse, which has been largely lacking so far.